{"id":18940,"date":"2025-04-07T03:39:37","date_gmt":"2025-04-07T03:39:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dekam-fiber.com\/?p=18940"},"modified":"2025-04-07T09:36:28","modified_gmt":"2025-04-07T09:36:28","slug":"fiber-optic-cable-testing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dekam-fiber.com\/vi\/fiber-optic-cable-testing\/","title":{"rendered":"Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1p quang: Ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1p quang, cho ph\u00e9p truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 internet t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0: L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1p n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t? V\u00e2ng! Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1p quang l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1, b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec hay th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t, vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1p l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gi\u00fap m\u1ea1ng c\u00e1p quang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n

\"H\u01b0\u1edbng<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

H\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 1 <\/em>Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1p quang <\/em>h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 <\/strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1p quang<\/strong>? <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00e1p quang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1p quang. C\u00e1p quang kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang truy\u1ec1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111i v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c nhanh! N\u1ebfu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng g\u1eb7p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t nh\u1ecf, b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 cong v\u00eanh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111i v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Ki\u1ec3m<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

H\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 2 <\/em>Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1p quang<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra sau khi l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t. Ki\u1ec3m tra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 s\u1edbm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m cho bi\u1ebft m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 suy gi\u1ea3m t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb! M\u1ed9t c\u00e1p ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 0,3 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,75 dB trong m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i nhanh, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) <\/strong>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1p quang<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, c\u00e1p quang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. V\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

i) Ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111o c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng qua c\u00e1p quang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m tra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u kia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u kia m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i qua, th\u00ec c\u00e1p c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 suy hao ch\u00e8n. M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft s\u1ee3i quang t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c suy hao d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,75 dB cho m\u1ed7i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n th\u1ebf, th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng; ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 c\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch khi l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1p m\u1edbi, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u00e1p c\u0169 ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"M\u00e1y<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

H\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 3 M\u00e1y \u0111o c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t s\u1ee3i quang<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ii) Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb l\u1ed7i th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c (VFL)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi, c\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb cong, \u0111\u1ee9t v\u00e0 n\u1ee9t m\u00e0 m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i VFL<\/a> gi\u00fap \u00edch. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng laser \u0111\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1i qua s\u1ee3i quang. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd tho\u00e1t ra n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng ngay c\u1ea3 qua l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu \u00edch khi ki\u1ec3m tra nhanh ho\u1eb7c khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ngo\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

H\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 4 B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb l\u1ed7i tr\u1ef1c quan<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

iii) K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi ki\u1ec3m tra<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n, d\u00f9 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, c\u0169ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1ea5t. K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi n\u00e0y ph\u00f3ng to \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i c\u00f3 s\u1ea1ch hay b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i qua trong khi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i b\u1ea9n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i k\u00e9m. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch trong c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1eafm b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ee3i quang n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"K\u00ednh<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

H\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 5 K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ee3i<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

iv) Nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng s\u1ee3i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch khi ki\u1ec3m tra xem s\u1ee3i quang c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hay kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eaft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. B\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng s\u1ee3i quang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00edch. T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch u\u1ed1n cong s\u1ee3i quang m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u00e0 \u0111o \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong khi kh\u00f4ng c\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c r\u00fat ph\u00edch c\u1eafm. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Nh\u1eadn<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

H\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 6 Nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng s\u1ee3i quang<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

v) M\u00e1y \u0111o ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 mi\u1ec1n th\u1eddi gian quang h\u1ecdc (OTDR)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u trong c\u00e1p. N\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eedi xung \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o s\u1ee3i quang v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam v\u1ec1 OTDR trong ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/td>
M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/strong><\/td>
\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u0110\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/td>Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ea5t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u<\/td>Ki\u1ec3m tra hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/td><\/tr>
Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb l\u1ed7i th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c (VFL)<\/strong><\/td>Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i<\/td>Ki\u1ec3m tra nhanh t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7<\/td><\/tr>
K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi ki\u1ec3m tra<\/strong><\/td>Ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i<\/td>Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea1ch<\/td><\/tr>
Nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng s\u1ee3i<\/strong><\/td>Ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ee3i s\u1ed1ng<\/td>Ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/td><\/tr>
M\u00e1y \u0111o OTDR<\/strong><\/td>Ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ee3i s\u1ed1ng<\/td>Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 tin ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1p quang, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01a1n tru m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) OTDR trong c\u00e1p quang l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

OTDR <\/a>\u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1p quang. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 \u201cth\u00e1m t\u1eed \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u201d gi\u00fap \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng c\u00e1p quang v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cM\u00e1y \u0111o ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 mi\u1ec1n th\u1eddi gian quang h\u1ecdc\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"M\u00e1y<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

H\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 7 OTDR<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n